How these doctors have saved thousands of women

by Carolyn Thomas

A guest post by Dr. Annabelle Santos Volgman, McMullan-Eybel Chair for Excellence in Clinical Cardiology, Professor of Medicine, Rush College of Medicine, and Medical Director, Rush Heart Center for Women, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Marissa Bergman, Associate Editor, Today’s Chicago Woman

“2013 was the first year since 1984 that fewer women died of heart disease than men⁽¹⁾—despite being viewed as solely a man’s health issue. This decline was the result of the tireless work of a small group of women who have dedicated their lives to eradicating this misunderstanding and unequal treatment of women’s heart disease.

“Heart disease first came to medical prominence in 1948 with the start of the longterm, ongoing Framingham Heart Study—now in its third generation of subjects residing in the Massachusetts town.

“It was reported in 1955 that age and sex were clearly risk factors for heart attacks; men suffered from heart attacks as early as their thirties and forties, while women were seemingly spared because they had much less incidence, and experienced them about ten years later than men did.⁽²⁾  By 1979, 30,000 more men were succumbing to heart disease than women, cementing the perception of heart disease as a men’s disease.

“As a result, medical attention was focused almost exclusively on men and their hearts; the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) started in 1974 examined only one sex. This inconsistency was particularly evident with the breakthrough development of effective cholesterol lowering drugs called statins. Men were prescribed statins beginning in the late 1980s and their mortality from heart disease immediately and rapidly declined.

“Yet women were not given statins, but rather hormone replacement therapy (HRT) because of the observational Nurses Health Study.⁽³⁾ The result of this difference in treatment was disastrous. While consistently fewer men were dying of heart disease with the introduction of statins, the mortality rate in women actually began to increase in 1991 with the use of HRT. The disparity in these trends continued until reaching an apex in 2000, at which point there were 70,000 more women than men dying from heart disease that year.

“Throughout the 90s, it became more and more apparent that heart disease is a genderless killer.

“In 1991, Dr. Bernadine Healy, a cardiologist and the first woman to lead the National Institutes of Health (NIH), launched the $625 million Women’s Health Initiative. This was a comprehensive, longterm health study involving 150,000 women as a means to understand the many different ailments that plague the female sex, such as heart disease, cancers and osteoporosis.

“Concurrently, a minority of cardiologists—mainly women themselves—began  conducting their own studies on heart disease in women. Dr. Nanette Wenger, Dr. Noel Bairey Merz and Dr. Jennifer Mieres, among many others, broke down barriers in their work by simply beginning a dialogue on this issue.

“Dr. Wenger reflects on the frustration she felt during this integral time: ‘There was minimal information specific to women, and I believed generalization from data in men was inappropriate.”

“In 1999, Dr. Lori Mosca led the group that  published the first guidelines for the prevention of heart disease in women, approximately fifteen years after the MRFIT study was released for men. In 2000, the first results of the Women’s Health Initiative were released with one particularly shocking revelation: the popular use of HRT in post-menopausal women actually increased the risk of heart attacks, strokes and breast cancer. Only one year later, there were already 17,000 fewer heart attacks in women as a result of reduced HRT, and women with high cholesterol being given statins like men were over a decade beforehand.

“Yet with these upending results, much work was required to change the popular notions and misinformation regarding women and heart disease.

“Not only was heart disease killing women, but as Dr. Nieca Goldberg outlined in her bestselling book, Women Are Not Small Men, the warning signs of heart attack are vastly different between the sexes: nausea, fatigue and restless sleep. The NIH and the American Heart Association quickly launched successful awareness campaigns surrounding these issues, The Heart Truth in 2002 and Go Red for Women in 2004, respectively. With the help of the media, by the end of the decade the red dress had become a powerful and instantly recognizable symbol of heart disease prevention in women.

“The medical community thrived on this increased awareness, and specialized health centers were opened to correct gender inequalities regarding heart disease. ‘The publication and application of guidelines which provide a road map for the clinician in preventing and treating heart disease in women,’ according to Dr. Mieres, was crucial in the dramatic decline of mortality. Dr. Gina Lundberg was at the forefront of this revolution, starting Atlanta’s first Women’s Heart Center in 1998, and she now leads one at Emory University.

“When discussing her inspiration, Dr. Lundberg explains: ‘I was seeing so many women in my private practice who were being dismissed with symptoms of chest pain; they were being told that women didn’t get heart disease.’

“The Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center at Cedars Sinai similarly focuses on identifying female-pattern heart disease and lowering lifestyle risk factors. Dr. Bairey Merz, the Director of this center, cites social justice as the mission and vision of her work. In May 2002, Oprah Winfrey wrote “The Heart of a Woman” published in The O Magazine to increase awareness after she learned that heart disease was the number one killer of women.

“Outside of the professional medical field, dedicated and passionate women with connections to heart disease also took great strides in raising awareness.

“Some even started support groups to help cope with the burden of this health risk; WomenHeart: The National Coalition for Women With Heart Disease serves to empower survivors and advocate for their benefit.

“Since 2000, there has been a dramatic decline in mortality rates for women from heart disease. This decline is attributed to an increase in awareness, a greater focus on women and cardiovascular disease risk and the increased application of evidence-based treatments for established coronary heart disease.

“Yet there are still great strides that must be taken, particularly in the other side of heart disease: the doctors.

“According to the Association of American Medical Colleges in the 2014 Physician Specialty Data Book, only 12% of cardiologists are women.

“When 88% of cardiologists are male, it’s inherent that women’s issues and treatments will go less developed than the other gender. Here’s to all the accomplishments already achieved, and the new ones women look forward to conquering, in the battle against heart disease.”

 

♥

This post was published online as “Protectors Of The Heart”, by WomenHeart: The National Coalition for Women With Heart Disease.

¹ Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2016 Update A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015:CIR. 0000000000000350.
² Peel A. Age and sex factors in coronary artery disease. British Heart Journal. July 1955; 17(3):319-326.
³ Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, et al. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease: ten-year follow-up from the Nurses’ Health Study. New England Journal of Medicine. 1991;325(11):756-762.

Q: What do you make of the pace of progress in addressing women’s heart disease?

See also:

• Does your hospital have a Women’s Heart Clinic yet? If not, why not?
• The symptomatic tipping point during heart attack
• The sad reality of women’s heart disease hits home
• Women under age 55 fare worse after heart attack than men
• Researchers openly mock the ‘myth’ of women’s unique heart attack symptoms
• Why female shift workers may be at risk for heart disease
• Cardiac gender bias: we need less TALK and more WALK
• Women’s cardiac care: is it gender difference – or gender bias?
• Unconscious bias: why women don’t get the same care men do
• How can we get heart patients past the E.R. gatekeepers?
• Heart disease – not just a man’s disease anymore
• When your doctor mislabels you as an “anxious female”
• Why are women with atrial fibrillation treated differently?
• Women missing the beat: are doctors ignoring women’s cardiac symptoms?
• Yentl Syndrome: cardiology’s gender gap is alive and well
• The breast/uterine cancer study with no women invited 

.